161-49 C
161-49 Couderc
This variety results from the crossbreeding of Vitis riparia and Vitis berlandieri.
The genetic origin of the variety is also indicated when known thanks to hybridiser data or genetic analysis either published or obtained by the teams at INRAE in Montpellier (UMR AGAP) and at the Vassal-Montpellier Grapevine Biological Resources Centre (CRB-Vigne).
This variety results from the crossbreeding of Vitis riparia and Vitis berlandieri.
The rootstock variety is presented by the abbreviation or name under which it appears in the national catalogue and which is also the most commonly used in French grapevine nurseries and French viticulture. There is no official list of synonyms for rootstock varieties.
161-49 C
The name of the breeder and/or selector is indicated, as is the year in which the variety was bred.
Georges Couderc, 1888.
The figures are estimated based on the computerised vineyard register and bibliographical data.
22 000 ha . Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Champagne, Alsace, Charentes, Languedoc-Roussillon, Rhône-Alpes, Aquitaine, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, Val de Loire, Midi-Pyrénées.
Evolution of cultivated areas in France
The figures provided are taken from vineyard land registers (IVCC, ONIVIT, ONIVINS), general agricultural censuses (SCEES-INSEE) and the current computerised vineyard register (DGDDI, FAM).
Regional vine planting data is available on the following site: https://visionet.franceagrimer.fr/Pages/DonneesInteractivesDocs.aspx?sousmenu=observatoire%20de%20la%20viticulture.
The figures provided are taken from vineyard land registers (IVCC, ONIVIT, ONIVINS), general agricultural censuses (SCEES-INSEE) and the current computerised vineyard register (DGDDI, FAM). Regional vine planting data is available on the following site: https://visionet.franceagrimer.fr/Pages/DonneesInteractivesDocs.aspx?sousmenu=observatoire%20de%20la%20viticulture.
Year |
ha |
|
|---|---|---|
|
1945 |
143 |
|
|
1955 |
392 |
|
|
1965 |
381 |
|
|
1975 |
251 |
|
|
1985 |
68 |
|
|
1995 |
68 |
|
|
2005 |
111 |
|
|
2015 |
48 |
Only the main ampelographic elements enabling the rootstocks to be characterised and identified are provided. They are described according to the ampelographic descriptor code recognised by the International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV), the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), the Community Plant Variety Office (OCVV) and Bioversity International (for more information, see the "Ampelographic glossary" menu). The photographs of buds, flowers and adult leaves were taken indoors by the INRAE team at Domaine de Vassal from material sampled from the ampelographic collections of the Vassal-Montpellier Grapevine Biological Resources Centre. Note: the scale of the photos is not the same for the three organs shown. The photos of buds have been reduced (x 0.5 approx.), as have those of the adult leaves (x 0.25 approx.), while those of the flowers have been enlarged (x 4 approx.).
- the tip of the young shoot that is half open, with a medium density of prostrate hairs and a piping anthocyanin coloration,
- the slightly bronzed young leaves,
- the elongated shoots with an elliptic section, a ribbed surface, red internodes and nodes on the dorsal side, green internodes and red nodes on the ventral side, with a very low density of erect hairs on the internodes and a low to medium density of erect hairs on the nodes,
- the wedge-shaped, dark green adult leaves, with an undulate leaf blade between the veins, an open U-shaped petiole sinus with often naked petiole veins (at least on one side), a weak to moderate anthocyanin coloration of veins, teeth with straight sides (the tooth of the center vein is the longest with one side concave and one side convex), and on the lower side of the leaves and on the petiole a medium to high density of erect hairs,
- the female flowers,
- the very small, round-shaped berries, with a blue black skin,
- the light to dark brown woody shoots.
Genetic profile
The genetic profile of the variety is provided for the 9 microsatellite markers (or SSR markers) selected under the European programme GrapeGen06 (http://www.eu-vitis.de/index.php) and by the OIV. The absolute size values of the alleles may vary slightly from one laboratory to another, but the relative differences between the two alleles of one single microsatellite are constant. The genetic analyses were conducted by the INRAE Montpellier team (UMR AGAP) and the IFV’s Plant Material Centre.
| Microsatellite | VVS2 | VVMD5 | VVMD7 | VVMD27 | VRZAG62 | VRZAG79 | VVMD25 | VVMD28 | VVMD32 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Allele 1 |
135 |
225 |
231 |
236 |
192 |
256 |
236 |
214 |
265 |
|
Allele 2 |
139 |
263 |
251 |
269 |
196 |
260 |
269 |
241 |
265 |
The degree of tolerance to the root form of phylloxera and resistance to nematodes (Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne arenaria), to Agrobacterium vitis (the bacterium responsible for burls) and to certain soil fungi is stated on the basis of observations or bibliographical data.
161-49 C is highly tolerant to the root form of phylloxera, but is moderately resistant to Meloidogyne incognita nematodes. It is susceptible to Meloidogyne arenaria nematodes.
The level of wood production by the rootstock strains is stated (source: ENTAV-ONIVINS survey of grapevine nurseries, April 2001). The suitability for cleaning, disbudding, cutting and grafting is also specified. Further details are provided if the rootstock variety requires special precautions during grafting and layering.
161-49 C wood production is moderate (30 000 to 60 000 m/ha) with sometimes a certain proportion of damaged wood. The cleaning and disbudding is difficult due to a large number of tendrils. The cutting and grafting capacities of 161-49 C is only moderate. Canes must be maintained under good conditions. This rootstock requires a special care during the stratification phase (duration, hormoning) up until the planting in the nursery.
All certified clones are listed, as are the surface areas of the mother vine of clones that are propagated. For the moment, clonal selection of rootstock is conducted solely for sanitary purposes.
In France, the 10 certified 161-49 C clones carry the numbers 170, 171, 176, 177, 190, 197, 198, 199, 225 et 239. Among those, the clones multiplied are:
- clone No. 170: 4 ha 18 ares of mother vines producing certified material in 2017,
- clone No. 171: 81 ares of mother vines producing certified material in 2017,
- clone No. 176: 10 ha 08 ares of mother vines producing certified material certified in 2017,
- clone No. 197: 1 ha 50 ares of mother vines producing certified material certified in 2017,
- clone No. 198: 30 ha 94 ares of mother vines producing certified material certified in 2017.
Datas are extracted from: Les chiffres de la pépinière viticole, 2017, Datas and assesment of FranceAgriMer, may 2018.
This paragraph provides information on the behaviour of the rootstock variety in relation to the structure, texture and composition of the soil, its mineral content and the soil’s pH. It also states the behaviour of the rootstock when faced with an excess or lack of water during the vegetative period. Chlorosis Iron chlorosis is related to problems of iron assimilation due to low iron content and/or high carbonate content in soil. Total calcium carbonate content alone gives only a partial idea of the chlorosis-inducing power of the soil. The active calcium carbonate content corresponds to the percentage of carbonate present in the fine fraction of the soil (clays, fine silts). Depending on the characteristics of the parent rock and its geological origin, this represents a variable percentage of the total calcium carbonate. The chlorotic power index (IPC) is a calculation which takes into account the active calcium carbonate content and the easily extractible iron content of the soil. These three values provide an insight into the risk of chlorosis and allow growers to choose the most suitable rootstock variety accordingly. Tylosis and apoplexy These apoplexy phenomena are linked to problems of water circulation through the plant when evapotranspiration is high (dry wind following heavy rainfall in the summer season) and the absorption of water through the roots is limited. In this case, the high pressure in the vessels causes air bubbles (cavitation) and tyloses (invagination of the membrane of neighbouring cells in the vessels) to form, which causes a slowing of sap circulation and water stress in the leaves.
161-49 C resists up to 40% of total limestone, 25% of "active" limestone and an IPC of 50. 161-49 C drought resistance is moderate to high. This rootstock is very sensitive to tylosis, particularly when the plants are young, which may increase sereve case of apoplexy. This rootstock is also susceptible to temporary water excess during the spring. 161-49 C is well adapted to limestone or clay-limestone, not very compact, light and fairly deep soils. Too compact soils should be avoided. Over the past few years, cases of declining young vines grafted on 161-49 C have been reported. Southern regions seem to be the most affected, even if plots presenting problems have also been noticed in other regions. Initial symptoms (a significant decrease of vigor) most often occur from the third year after being planted. Cambium failure is generally observed on the plants affected by an abnormal trunk and root thickening. Research is currently in progress to better understand this phenomon, which has appeared under certain soil and climatic conditions. Until the real causes of this syndrome are understood, great care is recommended when selecting this rootstock.
The rootstock may interact with the characteristics of the graft in terms of precocity of the vegetative cycle and the growth and development of the branches, as well as yield factors (fertility and berry size). In some cases, the risks of incompatibility or poor affinity of the rootstock variety with a graft variety are specified.
The growth and fruiting speed given by 161-49 C is quite slow. In addition, the limited yields during the first years reduces the risks of tylosis. This rootstock confers a moderate vigor and balances the vegetative growth. The varieties grafted onto 161-49 C produce quality fruits and the blends made with Chardonnay, Colombard, Merlot, Pinot and Ugni blanc are particularly appreciated. It also shows good results with hybrid grapes. However, some joining problems have sometimes been reported, particularly with Carignan, Gamay and Servant.
The rootstock may interact with the characteristics of the graft in terms of precocity of the vegetative cycle and the growth and development of the branches, as well as yield factors (fertility and berry size). In some cases, the risks of incompatibility or poor affinity of the rootstock variety with a graft variety are specified.
- Catalogue des variétés et clones de vigne cultivés en France. Collectif, 2007, Ed. IFV, Le Grau-du-Roi, France.
- Documentary collections of the Centre de Ressources Biologiques de la Vigne de Vassal-Montpellier, INRAE - Montpellier SupAgro, Marseillan, France.
- Cépages et vignobles de France, tome 1. P. Galet, 1988, Ed. Dehan, Montpellier, France.
